Thursday, 4 April 2019

Media Language and Representation: The Big Issue


Dark background, serious topic. 
Direct address.
Celebrity endorsement.
Organ donation endorsement.
Individualism.





Martin Luther King's famous speech is referenced.
Can be sad as it makes it seem we have not followed MLK's ideals
Questioning if his legacy has been honoured
(50th anniversary of his death)
Religious imagery almost as he seems like a secular saint
Look of confidence juxtaposed with symbols of America
Anti racism and individualism

Serious interview (in-depth)
Harry and Meghan endorsement, royals find it important so public should too, role models - also treats them as a casual acquaintance which connotes recognition and approval
Serious direct address
Tagline is a quote from David Tennant himself
Celebrity culture
Exclusive story about Tennant
Ideology of helping others as the royals are supporting the magazine so others should too



INTERTEXTUALITY 


The MLK cover does not make a direct reference to other media products, but the image used suggests a media representation of the man - King as a cultural product as much as a real person, a product whose positive connotations of highly moral political activism the magazine might appropriate.

DT cover references 'the shape of water', a newly released film, and 'The Doctor' a reference to David Tennant's role as Doctor Who in the past. Suggesting shared knowledge as none are explained, assumed famous enough for audience to understand.



REPRESENTATION

MLK cover. chooses to combine icons of america - stars and stripes and outline of mainland usa with a stylised image of MLK and a reference to his most famous inspirational speech from 60s. It positions the issue of civil rights in contemporary America within the context of a long political struggle. This suggests solidarity with civil rights protestors, an affiliation with the less powerful in society and a thoughtful, historically informed view of current events. 'what happened to the dream'. Red represents danger and may show that America is no longer following his legacy.

DT cover chooses to combine an apparently unstaged photograph of a famous actor with language suggesting vulnerability. Both conventional interest in the culture and entertainment industries and a concern with the authentic person behind the glossy appearances 'love' and 'loss'
The magazine boasts of its association with royalty but does so in a down-to-earth way 'Meghan and Harry: coffee with the Big Issue' avoids fawning over the monarchy.


SOCIAL CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS

Consumerism, lifestyle magazines reflect consumer society's ideals of a 'good life'. Big Issue attempts to highlight and alleviate homelessness and poverty (political context). neither are adequately addressed - little power and status, but magazine deliberately celebrates their individuality and achievements.
Celebrity culture is a major influence on DT and ML. They expect audience to recognise and understand their cultural role without explanation
Multiculturalism has influenced the representation of MLK as the cover expects its audience to adopt the perspective of people of colour without difficulty. Liberal news sources in the 60s would have covered the events sympathetically but from a whiter perspective.


IDEOLOGIES AND POSITIONING

MLK position the audience as concerned about political issues and current affairs, knowledgeable about King and the civil rights movement and sympathetic to their arms. Internationalists.

DT positions audience as cinephiles interested in the entertainment news and inner life of actors, especially David Tennant and royal family. Doggerland reference is deliberately enigmatic to entice readers.

Both covers embody individualism as a core ideology as both focus on individuals. DT is more ethnocentric, but the MLK is clearly internationalist therefore it suggests there isnt a systematic bias

Underrepresentation of women shows there may be a systematic bias which reflect the influence of sexism, and underepresentation of POC may be influence of racism. This is not necessarily conscious racism and sexism by publishers and may be a reflection of inequality in the world 

Monday, 1 April 2019

Revision Theory

Shirky's end of audience theory

~No longer such thing as a passive audience
~active audiences and interaction
~technology has changed our expectations and behaviour (expect interaction with products)
~Audiences like to 'speak back' to producers
~More equality of power

  • Old models of producer-audience have broken down. 
  • New audience- groupings have grown up: 
  • collaborative projects, 
  • Crowd funding, 
  • crowdsourcing,
  • publicity campaigns
  • run by volunteers. 
  • ‘End of Audience’ Model 
  • "Every consumer is also a producer, and everyone can talk back.”
  • Media had been a hierarchical industry—in that one filtered first, and then published. 
  • "All of that now breaks down….....
  • People are producing who are not employees or media professionals. So we now publish first, and then filter. ” It’s all about connections, participatory networks



Jenkin's Fandom Theory

 ~textual poaching
~fan fiction


Gerbner's Cultivation theory

The Cultivation Theory, also known as the Cultivation Analysis or the Cultivation Hypothesis, is a social theory that studies long-term effects of media on viewers’ ideas and perceptions, especially through the television medium
Its main causal argument is that “Mass communication, especially the TV, cultivates concepts of social reality of its viewers,” giving the theory its name. 
Gerbner observed on the basis of the “people religiously watching TV” that we know some things not because we have experienced them but because we see them on media. Therefore, according to this theory, there is a direct relationship between TV time, the frequency that a person watches TV, and reality perception, how realistic a person thinks something is. The more frequently viewers watch TV, the more they are likely to believe what they see on TV. Furthermore, in his 1982 Violence Index, the results showed that violence is at least ten times (10x) more on TV than in real life. In other words, violence and other “realities” shown on TV are exaggerated. So if this was what the people were seeing on TV, these people were likely to have believed a distorted perception of reality.
The Cultivation Theory is considered a stalagmite theory. A stalagmite is a mass of accumulated deposits that grows on cave ceilings, and so, it is a metaphor for the long-term effects of media. 






How does Gerbner’s Theory and Shirkey’s Theory, impact the way consumers respond to news content  within modern day media?
Use examples from the Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph to back up your answers.
Use previous case studies and your own examples in support of your arguments.

Many consumers reject the news that they don't agree with and criticise newspapers instead of being passive, supporting Shirkey: 


Making fun and jokes on social media about the telegraph - 

Able to interact with others about the story. Comments on Daily Mail website. Relates to Shirkey -

Opinions from verified accounts (often celebrities or well known figures) get more publicity. Spreading opinions on news on social media can work to cultivate audiences


Criticisms of the telegraph. 




Gerbner's cultivation theory, examples of pessimistic outlooks and other effects.













Baudrillard 20.5.19

postmodernism

reality vs artificial

used to see reality in the media (real people, real locations).
now in a world of artificial realities.
heightened reality (intense)
artificial copies = simulacra. a copy of reality that is so artificial its not really linked to reality at all. we are surrounded by simulacra of media products
hyperreality = glossy, copy of reality. simulacra.
audiences often prefer simulacra to real life



examples of heightened reality, simulacra and hyperreality








Gauntlett

find examples.
bbc documentary - prince william depression and talking to other vulnerable men. provides a varied representation


Butler


gender is a social construct based on what we do
woman (makeup, high heels, dresses)
behaviours - performing these tasks everyday constructs what it means to be female
these are like 'rituals'
e.g. zoella