media, new media and regulation
-Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt
·
There is an underlying struggle in
recent UK regulation policy between the need to further the interests of
citizens (by offering protection from the harmful or offensive material), and
the need to further the interests of consumers (by ensuring choice, value for
money, and market competition).
·
The increasing power of global media
corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and
transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media,
have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.
Context
Reception theory suggest that media
has a profound effect on human behaviour;
if that is the case then there is an argument that media needs to be
regulated!
Hypodermic needle theory 1920's and 30's
--an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver
The hypodermic needle model is a model of communication
suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by
the receiver.
·
Developed between the first and
second world war; it suggests the profound effect of propaganda/advertising on
influencing behaviour.
·
It suggests that all people are
affected equally and is a theory that is now largely discredited within
contemporary democratic societies.
Bandura (1977)
·
(https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html)
-----Bandura and social learning theory
aggression - some kids witnessed an adult model attack the 'bobo' doll and these were more aggressive, other kids who did not see the adult did not use the same attacks
Social Learning Theory, theorized by Albert Bandura,
posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and
modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between
behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it
encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.
Gerbner (1976 cultivation theory)
Cultivation theory examines the long-term effects of television.
"The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time
people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to
believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television." The
images and ideological messages transmitted through popular television media
heavily influence perceptions of the real world. 
-ipso
-ofcom
-pegi
-bbfc
-prp
-asa
-bfi
How
do I use this information?
British
Press regulated so can’t publish allegations about things because they are
regulated by IPSO however. IPSO are
regarded as lacking power to clamp down on hate speech please view the
following extracts attached linked To Kelvin McKemzie (Ex Sun) broadcaster and
Katie Hopkins.
If
the press receive light regulation, because social media is largely unregulated
(meaning people on Twitter can pretty much say what they like without redress
(except in circumstances where writers advocate violence against other groups)
then there is a risk that within the digital sphere the On line Press and
twitter can become spheres of extremist viewpoints whereby the authors cannot
be called to account
Question:
to what extent do you think that tabloid newspapers are reflecting the
extremist views of their audience and reflecting the views of extremists on Twitter?
EXAMPLES OF REGULATION
More than 200,000 people petitioned for Katie Hopkins to be
sacked after she compared migrants to ‘cockroaches’. Photograph: Dan
Kennedy/Discovery Communications
The chief executive of press regulator Ipso has defended its
handling of Katie Hopkins’ controversial “cockroaches” Sun column about
migrants, saying bad taste was not in its remit.
Matt Tee of the Independent Press Standards Organisation said
migrants could not be viewed as victims of discrimination even when they were
compared to cockroaches.
The regulator rejected complaints about the column, which was published in
April last year.
“And actually in our
terms for it to be discrimination, the complainant would have had to show that
an individual or a group of individuals were discriminated against by that
phrase.
“I felt that the phrase was in very bad taste but bad taste is
not something that is covered by the editors’ code.”
Ipso is currently considering more than 2,000 complaints about
another Sun column, by former editor Kelvin MacKenzie, about Channel 4 News
presenter Fatima Manji.
“Migrants as such are not a group that can be discriminated
against,” Tee told the
Media Masters podcast.
“And actually in our terms for it to be discrimination, the
complainant would have had to show that an individual or a group of individuals
were discriminated against by that phrase.
“I felt that the phrase was in very bad taste but bad taste is
not something that is covered by the editors’ code.”
The Channel 4 News presenter who was criticised by Kelvin MacKenzie for wearing a
hijab while reporting on the Nice truck attack has
hit back at the former Sun editor for attempting to “intimidate Muslims out of
public life”.
Fatima Manji said MacKenzie, whose column has now prompted 1,400
complaints to the press regulator, had attempted to smear 1.6 billion Muslims
in suggesting they are inhere
“He
has attempted to smear half of them further by suggesting they are helpless
slaves,” she said. “And he has attempted to smear me by suggesting I would
sympathise with a terrorist.”
REGULATION DEBATE
-it is very hard to regulate content on the internet
-Proxy servers can by-pass firewalls and virtual private networks which enables customers to fake IP addresses
The only way to control internet access of a population is to not have an internet such as in North Korea.
-The internet can be dangerous due to the dark web and complete freedom of speech however there is no way for government to control without arguably taking away these rights
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